Chemotherapy Biotherapy Certification ONS Practice Test 2026 - Free Practice Questions and Study Guide

Alkylating agents play a crucial role in chemotherapy by interfering with DNA duplication. These agents function by adding alkyl groups to the DNA molecule, which leads to the formation of cross-links between DNA strands. This cross-linking prevents the strands from separating, which is essential for DNA replication and transcription. As a result, cells cannot properly duplicate their DNA, ultimately leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, especially in rapidly dividing cancer cells.

In comparison, the other options describe mechanisms associated with different classes of chemotherapy agents. Blocking essential enzymes is more typical of antimetabolites or certain targeted therapies. Altering RNA synthesis is characteristic of agents that target transcription processes. Enhancing cell proliferation suggests promoting growth rather than inhibiting it, which is contrary to the goal of most chemotherapy agents, including alkylating agents that aim to reduce tumor growth. Therefore, the most accurate description of the role of alkylating agents is their interference with DNA duplication.